Callous

Calluses are caused by an abnormal amount of friction in the ball the foot under an underlying bony prominence. Most often this is a metatarsal head. What happens is the skin gets caught between the metatarsal head and the floor and as you walk dead skin builds up.

Treatment for calluses are fairly simple. In my opinion there is not a good operation to alleviate this condition. The best way to treat these are to palliate them, which means trim them down and pad them, or wear orthotics. The orthotics can rebalance the weight evenly in the ball of your foot.